研磨文本命题类型 实现阅读能力目标 ——基于《基于文本教学的高中英语构词法研究》题目研究

 研磨文本命题类型  实现阅读能力目标

  ——基于《基于文本教学的高中英语构词法研究》题目研究

        李曼玲 庞先庆

       （河南省镇平县雪枫中学，河南 南阳 474250）

  【研究背景】

  “信息技术视域下高中学科教学效能提升策略优化创新研究”系依托镇平县雪枫中学庞先庆老师为核心的研发团队承研的省教育科学“十三五”规划2020年度课题(编号：2020YB1237)。课题拟在校本优质教育教学教研机制资源研发基础上，从策略、技术和实践三个层面对高中学科教学效能提升策略优化创新进行深入研究，尝试探索出信息技术视域和学科核心素养背景下富有创新性和实效性的教学效能提升策略和路径。

  【研究学员】

杨东峰、申红娟、闫 镇、姜一露、陈 帅、王辰登、李晓静

  【研究过程】

基于该课题的后续滚动性深入研究，2023年秋期开学后，立足信息技术环境下的学科教学效能提升目标，课题组形成子课题《基于文本教学的高中英语构词法研究》。课题组采用“教为主导”“学为主体”“用为主线”的教学研究策略，发动实验班学习能力较强的学生广泛参与，并于8月17日组织成立由12名同学组成省教科规划课题学生课外学科研究性兴趣学习小组，积极开展信息技术环境下的学科综合实践活动。

  在课题组教师的指导下，学习小组分组行动，借助于各种学习平台和教学资源，积极、扎实开展学科研究性学习和综合实践活动，经过两个多月的学科理论探讨与实践，初步形成阶段研究性学习成果——“高中学科学习效能提升与综合实践能力培养融合研究——基于文本教学的高中英语构词法研究”之《研磨文本命题类型  实现阅读能力目标》。

  【研究成果】

  研磨文本命题类型  实现阅读能力目标

  ——基于《基于文本教学的高中英语构词法研究》题目研究

  “阅读理解”已成为高考英语试卷全面评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型，在做阅读理解题时，就不同的命题方式，考生容易出这样那样的问题。那么如何在有限的时间内高效准确地做好“阅读理解”呢？下面让我们基于河南省教育科学“十三五”规划2020年度立项课题《信息技术视域下高中学科教学效能提升策略优化创新研究》（课题编号：2020YB1237）的阶段基础性研究成果，把脉高考英语“阅读理解”五大经典题目。

  1、如何作“细节理解题”？

      【典题链接】Conflict is on the menu tonight at the caféLa Chope.This evening,as on everyThursday night,psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes,coffee drinking and the“talking cure”.Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn’t always easy.They customers-some thirty Parisians who pay just under$2(plus drinks)per session-care quick to intellectualize(高谈阔论)，slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say‘one feels,’or‘people think’,”Lehane told them.“Say‘I think,’‘Think me’.”…（新课标全国卷Ⅰ）

  32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?

  A.Learn a new subject                            B.Keep in touch with friends.

  C.Show off their knowledge.                   D.Express their true feelings.

     【解题关键】32.答案为D。第一段中的“Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.”一句表明，the caféLa Chope鼓励人们表达自己的真实情感。

   【典题链接】…Only a third of the book remains after that discussion,which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages,math,science and history.…As a matter of fact,they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind.…As a result,the discussion misses the entire computer age.(湖北卷)

  64.The author of the passage insists that learning the arts ___________.

  A.requires great efforts                            B.demands real passion

  C.is less natural than learning maths          D.is as natural as learning a language

  【解题关键】64.答案为A。文章第三段As a matter of fact,they（the arts）demand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind.可知学习艺术虽然要有先天的禀赋，然而与学习数学和理科一样也要后天的努力。

   【研究心得】一篇文章都是围绕某一中心或话题展开，并通过大量事实细节来支撑、阐述和解释。弄清细节是正确把握文章主旨的前提。细节题往往问到文章的某一具体段落、句子，甚至某一具体单词或短语，但多数细节题不采用文段中的原话，通常以释义或转换的形式设计题目。

  ★常见的细节提问形式有：

  ①When/Where did the story happen?

  ②Which of the following is true in the passage?

  ③According to the passage,who/when/where/what/why/how

  ④Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

  ⑤Which of the following is TRUE/NOT true?

   【技巧点拨】回顾详细事实→辨认细节

   【能力解读】解答细节题时，一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找到与设问内容相关的词语或句子，借助于同义词、同义结构或计算解题。

  2、如何作“主旨大意题”？

   【典题链接】The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about.But one more has just been added-a communications blackout caused by solar storms.

  After a period of calm within the Sun,scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012,just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London…(上海卷)

  75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

  A.Solar Storms:An Invisible Killer

  B.Solar Storms:Earth Environment in Danger

  C.Solar Storms:Threatening the Human Race

  D.Solar Storms:Human Activities to Be Troubled

   【解题关键】75.答案为D。根据文章的第一段和其整体理解可知：太阳风暴：人类活动将受到困扰，符合本文的意境。

   【研究心得】主旨大都涉及文章的主题、中心思想、标题或写作意图等，是作者在文章中要表达的核心内容。把握了一篇文章或一个段落的主旨有助于对文章中具体事实和细节的理解。

  ★主旨题的提问方式：

  ①Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?

  ②What is the writer trying to tell us?

  ③Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

  ④The main(general)idea of the passage is_________.

   【技巧点拨】把握文章主题→理解主旨

   【能力解读】解答主旨题时，可采用略读浏览法。一篇文章的主题往往出现在文章首尾段的首尾句上。对于没有主题句或没有主题段和收尾段的文章，宜采用提纲挈领法及综合概括法，从具体的细节阐述中提炼出要点，概括出文章的中心。

  3、如何作“推理判断题”？

   【典题链接】…Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change.The important thing is to simply give yourself permission.If you see a problem that you care about,you can help solve it.The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy,healthy,contributing adult.In fact It is many young people's ambition to set up programmer or businesses that improve social conditions.An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka,which handled the rubbish problem facing the city,helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.（安徽卷）

  74.It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he.

  A.considers Drayton's concept

  B.gets permission from Ashoka

  C.tries to improve social conditions

  D.is a young,happy and healthy adult

   【解题关键】74．答案为C考查推理判断。根据第二段第三句”If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it”以及第五句”In fact,it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions”综合可得知选C。

   【研究心得】一篇短文的结构或情节线索必须符合逻辑。作者常常把某些情况的发展留给读者推断，只有正确无误地理解了短文内容之后，才可能找到“不言自明”的结论或答案。一般说来，考生应该已经具备了这一层次的分析、归纳、推理能力；此类题真正考查的仍是其语言水平、英语阅读及理解能力。

  ★推断题的提问形式有：

  ①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that_______.

  ②We can conclude that_______.

  ③What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

  ④What does the author probably mean by?

  ⑤Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

   【技巧点拨】根据内在联系→推理判断

   【能力解读】解答判断题时，要按照逻辑发展的规律，对文章中阐述的事实或细节进行分析和概括，得出合乎逻辑的结论；解答推理题时，要以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息，即善于用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思。

  4、如何作“词义猜测题”？

   【典题链接】One of the latest trend（趋势）in American Childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in Stamford,for example,has got increasing numbers of request for Chinese au pairs from aero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that’s true all across the country.....(全国大纲卷)

  64.What does that term”au pair”in the text mean?

  A.A mother raising her children on her own

  B.A child learning a foreign language at home

  C.A professor in language education of children

  D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.

   【解题关键】64.答案为B。考查词义猜测。结合语境可知au pair指的是在国外寄居的人，他们帮助房东照看孩子甚至学习语言换取免费食宿，又称互惠生。

  【典题链接】....The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid,Spain,and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg.（新课标全国卷Ⅰ）

  31.What does the word“contributions”in the last paragraph refer to?

  A.Artworks.            B.Projects.          C.Donations.        D.Documents.

   【解题关键】31.答案为A。考查词义猜测。根据最后一段可知，多家博物馆通力合作，共同精选展出作品。文中提到像西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼此德斯堡的博物馆这样的机构也提供萨尔瓦多达利的作品参加展览。由此推测，contributions指“作品”，故选A。

   【研究心得】近几年来，阅读理解中的词义猜测题呈上升趋势。阅读文章时常常会遇到一些生词或短语，或熟词新义。这种不使用词典而通过阅读去认识词（语）的能力是学生所必须具备的。

  ★此类题的提问形式有：

  ①Which of the following is the nearest/closest in meaning to the word…？

  ②The word...could best be replaced by_______.

  ③The word...(Line…Para…)means (refers to)_______.

  ④According to the passage,...probably means _______.

  ⑤By…,the writer means_______.

   【技巧点拨】巧借行文线索→猜测词语

   【能力解读】解答这类题时,一般可利用上下文所提供的线索进行词义猜测。能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义或解释、构词法、同义词或近义词、反义词、举例、因果关系、同位关系、对比、因果、转折、让步等逻辑关系或标点符号等。

  5、如何作“意图态度题”？

   【典题链接】Alex London Research Laboratory(ALRL)is part of Alex Co.,Ltd.,a major Australian medicine-making company.…A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM)to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield,due to open in the autumn of 2010.…Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research support/technical services…If you are interested in this position,please send your CV(简历)to Alex London Research Laboratory,University College London,Hatfield,London,W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL alex.co.uk.For more Information,please visit www.alex.co.uk.(四川卷)

  52.What is the purpose of the text?

  A.To describe the job of a ROM.

  B.To provide information about ALRL.

  C.To announce an open position at ALRL.

  D.To make known the opening of the new laboratories.

   【解题关键】52.答案为C。本篇文章为广告招聘。目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。

   【典题链接】…And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art?One of common problems with making excuses is that people,especially young people,get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time.There is a corollary(直接推论)to that:if a good excuse is“good”even if it isn’t honest,then where is the place of the truth?(天津卷)

  54.What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?

  A.Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.

  B.Inventhing a good excuse needs creative ideas.

  C.A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.

  D.Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.

   【解题关键】54.答案为D。根据最后一段“And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art…then where is the place of the truth”可知，作者在反思一种错误思想，编造好的借口就如创造艺术，尽管不诚实大家感到很正常，但是真情在哪呢，说明作者反对编造好的借口。

   【研究心得】一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的。这些目的往往并不一定直接用话语表达出来，而是隐含于字里行间。作者期望读者能够透过文章字面意思，领会其言外之意，弦外之音。高层次阅读理解题会涉及作者态度或写作意图以及隐喻此类问题。

  ★此类题的提问形式有：

  ①The author’s view is_______.

  ②The author thinks/suggests that_______.

  ③Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards?

  ④The purpose of the passage is_______.

   【技巧点拨】透过字面意思→领会意图

   【能力解读】解答这类题时,主要是判断作者本人的态度和观点，一定要与文章中所论述或叙述的内容区别开，通过文章的措辞，上下文关系，人物性格以及文章的文体结构等来判断。因为同样的内容和事实,不同的作者会有不同的态度和看法，不能用读者本人的观点来解释。

   【小结】英语文本常见文体有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文（包括广告、新闻等）。近几年，在“阅读理解并选择最佳答案”和“完形填空”等原有常规文本形式的基础上，各地高考试题英语文本呈现方式有所创新，出现了“七选五”、“语法填空”、“阅读填空”、“任务型阅读”、“阅读表达”、“信息匹配”、“读写任务”、“选择语篇小标题”、“情景对话”等较新文本类型，尽管题型多样化，但都突出基于语言知识和阅读技能结合在一起的综合语言运用能力目标达成与考查。

  在以上诸多文本题型中，常规“阅读理解”文本题型是英语高考试卷中一个重要题型，分值高、题量大。该文本题型要求考生能够读懂有关日常生活话题的简短的文本材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书本、报刊和杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文本。文本阅读题材呈多样化，包括科普、社会文化、政治、史地、经济、新闻报道等，体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，以考查考生的语言运用能力为主文本目标、语言知识为辅文本目标的综合语言运用能力。